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See what makes an ecosystem, sort organisms into trophic levels, apply the ten per cent law to find the energy left at each step, and understand why food chains are short and why harmful chemicals concentrate at the top.
Read articleWork out the force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field with Fleming's left-hand rule, see how a motor and a generator invert each other, and understand why the earth wire, the fuse and the live-neutral colour code matter.
Read articleFollow the field lines around a bar magnet and a current-carrying wire, use the right-hand thumb rule to get the direction without guessing, and compare the field of a straight wire, a circular loop and a solenoid.
Read articleWork out the heat produced by a current using Joule's law, learn where the heating effect is wanted and where it is a nuisance, use P = VI in all three forms, and calculate a real monthly electricity bill in kilowatt hours.
Read articleSee what resistance depends on, calculate it from resistivity and compare conductors with alloys, derive the equivalent resistance for resistors in series and in parallel, and find out why every house is wired in parallel.
Read articleCalculate charge, current and time from I = Q/t, find the work done in moving a charge through a potential difference, draw a circuit with the standard symbols, and read a resistance off a V-I graph.
Read articleFollow a ray through a prism and identify the angle of deviation, see why white light splits into a spectrum and how a second prism puts it back, explain twinkling stars and an early sunrise, and use scattering to account for the blue sky and the red danger signal.
Read articleName the parts of the eye and what each does, see how accommodation moves the focus between the near and far points, identify myopia, hypermetropia and presbyopia from their symptoms, and calculate the power of the lens each one needs.
Read articleDraw ray diagrams for convex and concave lenses, apply the lens formula with the right signs, work out the power of a lens in dioptres and the net power of a combination, and choose the lens an application needs.
Read articleApply the New Cartesian sign convention to every mirror quantity, solve mirror and magnification numericals, follow a ray through a glass slab to see lateral displacement, and calculate refractive index from the speed of light.
Read articleApply the laws of reflection to a plane mirror, learn the terms for a spherical mirror and the relation between radius and focal length, draw ray diagrams for concave and convex mirrors, and match each mirror to its practical use.
Read articleFollow how variation builds up across generations, read Mendel's F1 and F2 results for a single trait, work a Punnett square for two independent traits, and see why the sex of a child is decided by the father's sperm.
Read articleSee why two parents generate far more variation than one, label a flower and follow pollination through to seed and fruit, name the parts of the human reproductive systems and their functions, and compare the methods of contraception.
Read articleSee why a DNA copy is the essential event in reproduction and why imperfect copying matters, compare the six modes of asexual reproduction with named organisms, identify a mode from a description, and weigh up vegetative propagation and tissue culture.
Read articleSeparate tropic from nastic movements and classify a plant response, see what each of the four plant hormones does, match a hormone to its gland and its target, and follow the feedback loop that controls blood sugar.
Read articleLabel a neuron and follow an impulse across a synapse, trace a reflex arc and see why it bypasses the brain, match each part of the brain to what it controls, and find out how a muscle turns a nerve signal into movement.
Read articleTrace double circulation through the four chambers and the major vessels, compare blood, lymph, xylem and phloem, explain transpiration pull and translocation, and follow urine formation through a nephron.
Read articleCompare aerobic and anaerobic respiration by their products and their energy yield, follow air from the nostrils to the alveoli and see how gases cross there, and explain why a fish breathes faster than you do.
Read articleSee why the life processes cannot pause even during sleep, write and explain the photosynthesis equation with the role of stomata, compare the four kinds of nutrition, and follow food through the alimentary canal enzyme by enzyme.
Read articleWork through the reactions of ethanol with sodium and with hot concentrated sulphuric acid, the reactions of ethanoic acid with alcohols, carbonates and bases, how a micelle lifts grease, and why soap fails in hard water.
Read articleSpot the functional group in a carbon compound and name its family, use a homologous series to predict the next member, name a compound by the IUPAC rules, and tell combustion, oxidation, addition and substitution apart.
Read articleSee why carbon shares electrons instead of transferring them, draw electron dot structures for common molecules, tell saturated from unsaturated hydrocarbons, and count the structural isomers of butane and pentane.
Read articleSeparate minerals from ores and gangue, write the roasting and calcination equations, choose the extraction method from a metal's place in the reactivity series, describe the electrolytic refining of copper, and judge the ways of preventing rust.
Read articleWrite the reactions of metals with oxygen, water and dilute acids, use the reactivity series to predict a displacement, build an ionic bond by transferring electrons, and explain the properties of ionic compounds from their structure.
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