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Name alkenes and prepare them by partial reduction and elimination reactions, then follow the mechanism of electrophilic addition and learn when Markovnikov's and anti-Markovnikov's rules decide the product.
Read articleName alkanes and prepare them by hydrogenation, the Wurtz reaction and decarboxylation, understand the staggered and eclipsed conformations of ethane, and follow the free radical mechanism of alkane halogenation.
Read articleDistinguish homolytic and heterolytic bond fission and the free radicals, carbocations and carbanions they form, then learn how organic compounds are purified, tested for their elements and analysed quantitatively.
Read articleUnderstand the inductive, resonance and hyperconjugation effects and how they change the stability and reactivity of organic molecules, and learn to identify electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups.
Read articleApply IUPAC rules to name organic compounds, distinguish chain, position and functional group isomerism and metamerism, and use the degree of unsaturation to work out which structures a molecular formula allows.
Read articleLearn the structures of diamond, graphite and fullerenes, the properties and uses of silicon, silicates and silicones, and the size and bonding differences that make carbon chemistry so unlike silicon chemistry.
Read articleLearn the general trends in Group 13 and why boron behaves differently from the rest, the structure and uses of borax and alums, and how aluminium is obtained from bauxite along with its properties and uses.
Read articleLearn the general trends in Group 2 alkaline earth metals, the preparation and uses of calcium oxide, calcium carbonate and Plaster of Paris, and why sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium matter in living organisms.
Read articleLearn the general trends in the properties of Group 1 alkali metals, including anomalous lithium, and the preparation, properties and industrial uses of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.
Read articleUnderstand the structure and properties of water and heavy water and the role of hydrogen bonding, learn how hydrogen peroxide is prepared and why it acts as both an oxidising and a reducing agent, and calculate its volume strength.
Read articleJustify hydrogen's unique position in the periodic table, learn how dihydrogen is prepared in the laboratory and industry along with its properties and uses, and classify hydrides as ionic, covalent and metallic.
Read articleUnderstand oxidation and reduction as electron transfer and oxidation number change, balance redox equations by the oxidation-number and half-reaction methods, and identify oxidising and reducing agents in any reaction.
Read articleUnderstand how buffer solutions resist changes in pH and calculate buffer pH with the Henderson equation, then use the solubility product to predict precipitation and the solubility of sparingly soluble salts.
Read articleClassify acids and bases using the Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts, calculate pH, pOH and degree of ionisation for strong and weak electrolytes, and apply Ostwald's dilution law.
Read articleUnderstand the dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium, write equilibrium constant expressions and relate Kc to Kp, and use Le Chatelier's principle to predict the effects of concentration, pressure and temperature.
Read articleUnderstand entropy as a measure of disorder, predict and calculate entropy changes for physical and chemical processes, and use Gibbs energy to decide whether a reaction is spontaneous and how it links to the equilibrium constant.
Read articleDefine enthalpy and relate it to internal energy, understand enthalpies of combustion, formation and neutralisation, and calculate enthalpy changes using Hess's law and bond enthalpies.
Read articleDistinguish open, closed and isolated systems, state and path functions, and extensive and intensive properties, then apply the first law of thermodynamics to calculate internal energy change, heat and work, including expansion work.
Read articleUnderstand why real gases deviate from ideal behaviour and apply van der Waals' equation and the compressibility factor, and learn how vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension of liquids depend on intermolecular forces and temperature.
Read articleApply Boyle's, Charles's and Avogadro's laws and the ideal gas equation to numerical problems, understand the postulates of the kinetic molecular theory of gases, and calculate the speeds of gas molecules.
Read articleBuild molecular orbital diagrams for simple diatomic molecules and calculate bond order, understand resonance in benzene and the carbonate ion, and see how hydrogen bonding changes boiling points, solubility and density.
Read articleUnderstand how valence bond theory explains covalent bonds through orbital overlap, how sigma and pi bonds differ, how hybridisation relates to molecular shape, and how s-character changes bond length and strength.
Read articleUse VSEPR theory to predict the shapes of simple molecules and ions, count the electron pairs around a central atom, and see how lone pairs squeeze bond angles below their ideal values.
Read articleUnderstand how ionic bonds form and how the Born-Haber cycle gives lattice energy, draw Lewis structures for covalent molecules, and use Fajans' rules to predict covalent character in ionic compounds.
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