Study notes · Free to read
Chapter-by-chapter notes written straight from the curriculum. Read free, then practise the same chapter with an AI-generated quiz.
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Learn the excretory products and the organ that removes each, label the urinary system and the parts of a kidney, follow urine formation through a nephron, and understand how dialysis works.
Read articleLearn how respiration differs from breathing, compare aerobic with anaerobic respiration, see the experiments proving germinating seeds respire, and contrast respiration with photosynthesis.
Read articleLearn the equation for photosynthesis and its raw materials, how stomata and chloroplasts make the leaf the site, the experiments that prove sunlight and chlorophyll are needed, and why it matters.
Read articleLearn the three chordate characters and the five vertebrate classes, compare fish and amphibians, see how birds are built for flight, and tell cold-blooded animals from warm-blooded ones.
Read articleLearn the basis of animal classification, tell invertebrates from vertebrates, and work through Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda and Echinodermata.
Read articleLearn why plants are classified and on what basis, tell cryptogams from phanerogams, describe algae, mosses and ferns, and separate gymnosperms, angiosperms, monocots and dicots.
Read articleLearn the four types of animal tissue and their jobs, where each kind of epithelium sits, how bone, cartilage and blood compare as connective tissues, and which muscles you can control.
Read articleLearn the levels of organisation from cell to organism, where meristems sit and what each one does, how parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma differ, and what xylem and phloem carry.
Read articleLearn how the oxygen cycle keeps air constant, follow nitrogen fixation and denitrification, name the major air pollutants and their sources, and explain acid rain and global warming.
Read articleLearn to prepare oxygen in the laboratory, test it with a glowing splint, tell rapid oxidation from slow oxidation, name the three conditions for combustion, and classify oxides four ways.
Read articleLearn the composition of clean dry air, four proofs that air is a mixture and not a compound, why the atmosphere matters, and one important use of each gas in it.
Read articleLearn the physical properties of metals and non-metals with every exception, why metals form basic oxides, what brass, bronze, steel and solder are made of, and six ways to stop iron rusting.
Read articleLearn to turn a word equation into a skeletal one with state symbols, balance it by hit and trial using conservation of mass, list what a balanced equation cannot tell you, and classify reaction types.
Read articleLearn what a symbol means qualitatively and quantitatively, read all the information inside a chemical formula, tell H, 2H, H2 and 2H2O apart, and list the conditions a reaction needs.
Read articleLearn what a radical is and how to classify it, use valency as combining capacity, handle the variable valency of iron and copper, and build formulae by the criss-cross method.
Read articleLearn the postulates of atomic theory and its limits, tell an atom from a molecule, work out the atomicity of molecules, and count atoms in formulae with brackets and water of crystallisation.
Read articleLearn why separation always exploits a difference in physical properties, and how handpicking, winnowing, sublimation, filtration, centrifugation, distillation and chromatography each work.
Read articleLearn to tell homogeneous from heterogeneous mixtures, distinguish true solutions, suspensions and emulsions by particle size, compare compounds with mixtures, and classify air, brass and soil.
Read articleLearn what makes a substance pure, how element symbols are derived including the Latin ones, how to classify metals, non-metals, metalloids and noble gases, and what defines a compound.
Read articleLearn to tell a physical change from a chemical one, classify changes as reversible, periodic or man-made, spot the five signs of a chemical change, and explain rusting and photosynthesis.
Read articleLearn how mass, weight and volume differ, how intermolecular space and attraction decide a state of matter, compare solids, liquids and gases, and name every change of state correctly.
Read articleLearn the properties of magnets and their poles, see how a current deflects a compass needle, build an electromagnet and control its strength, and follow the working of an electric bell.
Read articleLearn the difference between primary and secondary cells, draw standard circuit symbols, tell an open circuit from a closed one, understand conventional current, and test materials as conductors or insulators.
Read articleLearn how vibrations produce sound, why sound cannot travel through a vacuum, how amplitude and frequency set loudness and pitch, and why an echo needs a wall at least 17 metres away.
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