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Follow fertilisation with the acrosomal and cortical reactions and sex determination, trace cleavage to the blastocyst and implantation, understand the placenta's hormones and the landmarks of pregnancy, and explain parturition and lactation.
Read articleTrace spermatogenesis and its control by GnRH, LH and FSH, describe the structure of a sperm and the composition of semen, follow oogenesis through the follicle stages, and link each phase of the menstrual cycle to its hormones.
Read articleTrace the organs, ducts and accessory glands of the male reproductive system, explore the seminiferous tubules and their Sertoli and Leydig cells, describe the female reproductive organs, and study the microscopic ovary and the mammary gland.
Read articleCompare free-nuclear and cellular endosperm and albuminous and non-albuminous seeds, name the parts of dicot and monocot embryos, see how ovules and ovaries become seeds and fruits, and understand apomixis, polyembryony and parthenocarpy.
Read articleClassify pollination as autogamy, geitonogamy and xenogamy, match pollinating agents with floral adaptations, explain the devices that prevent self-pollination and the steps of artificial hybridisation, and follow pollen-pistil interaction to double fertilisation.
Read articleRelate the parts of a flower to gametophyte development, trace microsporogenesis inside the microsporangium, explore the structure and viability of pollen grains, and follow megasporogenesis from the ovule to the 7-celled, 8-nucleate embryo sac.
Read articleClassify amino acids and explain zwitterions and peptide bonds, describe the four levels of protein structure and denaturation, understand enzymes and vitamins with their deficiency diseases, and compare DNA and RNA and the roles of hormones.
Read articleClassify carbohydrates by size, carbonyl type and reducing power, work through the open-chain and ring structures of glucose and fructose with anomers, compare sucrose, maltose and lactose, and contrast starch, cellulose and glycogen.
Read articleCompare the basic strength of aliphatic and aromatic amines, use the carbylamine and Hinsberg tests, explain substitution in aniline and why Friedel-Crafts fails, and turn benzenediazonium chloride into halides, phenols and azo dyes.
Read articleUnderstand the pyramidal structure, classification and naming of amines, prepare them by reduction and ammonolysis, make pure primary amines by Gabriel synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation, and explain their boiling points and solubility.
Read articleName carboxylic acids and see why the carboxylate ion is resonance-stabilised, prepare acids by several routes, compare their acidity with phenols and alcohols including substituent effects, and follow their reactions from esters to decarboxylation and HVZ.
Read articleUnderstand nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group and why aldehydes outpace ketones, work through additions of HCN, alcohols, ammonia derivatives and Grignard reagents, reductions and Tollens' and Fehling's tests, and aldol and Cannizzaro reactions.
Read articleName aldehydes and ketones and understand the polar carbonyl group, prepare them from alcohols, alkenes and alkynes, make aldehydes selectively by the Rosenmund, Stephen, Etard and Gatterman-Koch reactions, and compare their physical properties.
Read articlePrepare phenol from haloarenes, benzenesulphonic acid, diazonium salts and cumene, explain its acidity and substituent effects, study its substitution, Kolbe and Reimer-Tiemann reactions, and prepare ethers and follow their reactions.
Read articleClassify and name alcohols, phenols and ethers, prepare alcohols from alkenes, carbonyl compounds and Grignard reagents, explain their boiling points and solubility, and use their key reactions with the Lucas test.
Read articleContrast SN1 and SN2 substitution, predict inversion or racemisation using chirality, apply Saytzeff's rule with the Wurtz and Grignard reactions, and explain why haloarenes resist nucleophiles along with the uses and hazards of polyhalogen compounds.
Read articleClassify and name haloalkanes and haloarenes, understand the polarity, length and strength of the carbon-halogen bond, and prepare halogen compounds from alcohols, hydrocarbons, halogen exchange and diazonium salts, with their physical properties.
Read articlePredict hybridisation, shape and magnetism with valence bond theory, use crystal field splitting and the spectrochemical series to decide high or low spin, explain colour and magnetism, and understand synergic bonding in metal carbonyls and uses of complexes.
Read articleUse Werner's theory to tell primary from secondary valence and double salts from coordination compounds, master the vocabulary of ligands and coordination number, write IUPAC names and formulas, and identify structural and stereoisomers of complexes.
Read articleLearn the preparation, structure and oxidising reactions of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate, see how pH controls the chromate-dichromate balance, and compare the lanthanoids and actinoids, including lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
Read articlePlace the d- and f-block elements in the periodic table and write their configurations with the chromium and copper exceptions, explain the physical properties of transition metals, and account for their oxidation states, colour, magnetism and catalysis.
Read articleDerive and use the integrated rate equations for zero and first order reactions, including gas-phase and pseudo first order reactions, calculate half-lives, and apply the Arrhenius equation and collision theory to temperature and catalysts.
Read articleExpress reaction rates as average and instantaneous values, deduce rate laws and orders from experimental data with the units of the rate constant, tell order from molecularity, and see how concentration, temperature and catalysts change the rate.
Read articleCompare primary and secondary batteries through the dry cell, mercury cell, lead storage battery and nickel-cadmium cell, see how a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell works, and explain the corrosion of iron and the ways to prevent it.
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