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Distinguish genetic, species and ecological diversity with examples, see how many species exist worldwide and in India, explain the latitudinal gradient and the species-area relationship, and learn why diversity matters and the Evil Quartet of threats.
Read articleFollow the one-way flow of energy from sunlight through trophic levels and the 10 per cent law, compare grazing and detritus food chains and food webs, build ecological pyramids, and explain why some pyramids are inverted.
Read articleUnderstand the structure of an ecosystem using a pond, its four functional aspects and the roles of producers, consumers and decomposers, the difference between gross, net and secondary productivity, and the steps and controls of decomposition.
Read articleClassify interactions between species by their outcomes, see how predation shapes ecosystems and how prey and plants defend themselves, understand competition and resource partitioning, and explore parasitism and mutualism.
Read articleLearn the attributes that belong to populations rather than individuals, read age pyramids and measure population density, apply the population growth equation with exponential and logistic models, and compare life history strategies.
Read articleSee how human insulin is produced by genetic engineering, how gene therapy treats ADA deficiency, how PCR, ELISA and probes diagnose disease early, and why transgenic animals, GEAC regulation, biopiracy and patents matter.
Read articleCompare agrochemical, organic and genetically engineered farming, list the benefits of GM plants, understand how cry genes make Bt cotton and Bt corn pest-resistant, and see how RNA interference protects tobacco from a root nematode.
Read articleLearn how DNA is isolated and purified, cut with restriction enzymes and separated by gel electrophoresis, amplified by PCR with Taq polymerase, and finally expressed in hosts grown in bioreactors before downstream processing.
Read articleDefine biotechnology and its two core techniques, learn how restriction enzymes cut DNA into sticky ends, see what makes a good cloning vector and how recombinants are selected, and explore vectors and methods for getting genes into cells.
Read articleFollow primary and secondary sewage treatment and what BOD measures, see how methanogens produce biogas, learn how Bt, Trichoderma and baculoviruses control pests, and understand the biofertilisers that enrich soil naturally.
Read articleDiscover the microbes behind curd, bread, toddy and cheese, see how fermentation and distillation separate different beverages, learn how penicillin became an antibiotic and why antibiotics must be used carefully, and match microbes with industrial products.
Read articleSee how cancer cells lose contact inhibition and how benign and malignant tumours differ, learn the causes, detection and treatment of cancer, identify commonly abused drugs and their effects, and understand addiction, dependence and prevention.
Read articleDistinguish innate from acquired immunity and primary from secondary responses, compare humoral and cell-mediated immunity with antibody structure, understand vaccination, allergy, autoimmunity and lymphoid organs, and learn how HIV causes AIDS.
Read articleUnderstand what health means and what shapes it, follow the life cycle of Plasmodium and other protozoan and worm diseases, learn the causes and symptoms of typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, dengue and ringworm, and see how they are prevented.
Read articleCompare Lamarck's and Darwin's theories and the modern synthesis, see natural selection in moths and drug resistance with its three types, apply the Hardy-Weinberg principle and its disturbing factors, and trace the landmarks of human evolution.
Read articleEvaluate theories of the origin of life and Miller's experiment, trace how life diversified from single cells to complex organisms, weigh the evidence from fossils, anatomy, embryos and molecules, and understand adaptive radiation.
Read articleSee how the lac operon switches genes on and off, what the Human Genome Project set out to do and found, the applications and ethical questions it raised, and how DNA fingerprinting uses VNTRs in forensic and parentage cases.
Read articleUnderstand semiconservative replication and the Meselson-Stahl experiment, the enzymes at the replication fork and why one strand is made in pieces, transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and the genetic code with translation.
Read articleUnderstand the polynucleotide chain and the double helix, see how DNA is packed into nucleoids and nucleosomes, follow the experiments that proved DNA is the genetic material, and learn why DNA rather than RNA stores genetic information.
Read articleCompare sex determination in humans, birds and honey bees, distinguish point mutations from chromosomal aberrations, read pedigree charts to trace traits, and understand the genetic basis of Mendelian and chromosomal disorders.
Read articleWork through a dihybrid cross and the 9:3:3:1 ratio, connect Mendel's laws to chromosome behaviour in meiosis, see how Drosophila crosses revealed linkage and recombination for gene mapping, and explain polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy.
Read articleSee why the garden pea suited monohybrid crosses, apply the laws of dominance and segregation with Punnett squares, use a test cross to find hidden alleles, and explain incomplete dominance, co-dominance and the multiple alleles of the ABO blood group.
Read articleUnderstand medical termination of pregnancy and why it is safest early, the use and misuse of amniocentesis, the common sexually transmitted infections and their prevention, and the causes of infertility with assisted reproductive technologies.
Read articleUnderstand reproductive health and the aims of India's family planning and RCH programmes, see why populations grow and how they can be stabilised, and compare natural, barrier, IUD, hormonal and surgical methods of contraception.
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