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Distinguish transverse and longitudinal waves and relate wave speed, frequency and wavelength, explain standing waves in strings and organ pipes, calculate beat frequency, and apply the Doppler effect to moving sources and observers.
Read articleDefine simple harmonic motion and relate it to uniform circular motion, derive the time periods of a simple pendulum and a mass-spring system, and distinguish free, damped and forced oscillations and the condition for resonance.
Read articleState the postulates of kinetic theory and derive the pressure of a gas, relate the kinetic energy of molecules to absolute temperature, and use the law of equipartition of energy to find the specific heats of gases.
Read articleState the zeroth and first laws of thermodynamics and apply them to isothermal and adiabatic processes, relate the two specific heats of a gas through Mayer's relation, and understand the second law, heat engines and refrigerators.
Read articleUnderstand surface tension and surface energy and find the excess pressure in drops and bubbles, calculate capillary rise, solve calorimetry problems, and apply Newton's law of cooling with the three modes of heat transfer.
Read articleApply Pascal's law and calculate pressure at depth, use Bernoulli's theorem to explain aerofoil lift and flow through a constriction, and find terminal velocity with Stokes' law while using Reynolds number to classify flow.
Read articleDefine stress and strain and state Hooke's law, calculate Young's modulus, bulk modulus and modulus of rigidity from data, and find the elastic potential energy stored in a stretched wire.
Read articleState Kepler's laws and Newton's law of gravitation, derive how g changes with height and depth, calculate gravitational potential energy, escape velocity and orbital velocity, and compare geostationary and polar satellites.
Read articleCalculate moments of inertia with the parallel and perpendicular axis theorems, apply torque equals moment of inertia times angular acceleration, use conservation of angular momentum, and analyse rolling motion and its kinetic energy.
Read articleLocate the centre of mass of particle systems and symmetric rigid bodies, define torque and angular momentum as cross products and relate them, and state the conditions for mechanical equilibrium of a rigid body.
Read articleCalculate average and instantaneous power, analyse elastic and perfectly inelastic collisions in one dimension using momentum and energy, and solve oblique collisions by conserving momentum along two perpendicular directions.
Read articleCalculate work done by constant and variable forces and use the work-energy theorem, apply conservation of mechanical energy with kinetic and potential energy, and find the elastic potential energy stored in a spring.
Read articleDistinguish static, kinetic and rolling friction and apply the laws of friction, derive the maximum safe speed on level and banked roads, and use Newton's second law for vertical circles and conical pendulums.
Read articleApply Newton's three laws to systems of connected bodies, use conservation of linear momentum and the impulse-momentum relationship, and analyse the equilibrium of a particle under several concurrent forces.
Read articleAdd, subtract and resolve vectors into components, derive the trajectory, time of flight, maximum height and range of a projectile, and analyse uniform circular motion and centripetal acceleration.
Read articleDistinguish distance from displacement and speed from velocity, read position-time and velocity-time graphs, derive the three equations of uniformly accelerated motion graphically, and solve relative velocity problems.
Read articleDistinguish accuracy from precision and systematic from random errors, calculate absolute, relative and percentage errors and combine them through calculations, and apply the rules for significant figures.
Read articleUnderstand the scope of physics and its links with technology and society, learn the seven SI base units and how derived units are built from them, and use dimensional analysis to check equations and derive relationships.
Read articleClassify vitamins as fat-soluble or water-soluble and link each to its deficiency disease, then understand the nucleotide structure of DNA and RNA and the roles they play in storing and using genetic information.
Read articleUnderstand amino acids and how peptide bonds form, the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins, and how enzymes act as specific and efficient biological catalysts.
Read articleClassify carbohydrates as monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, understand the open-chain and ring structures of glucose and fructose, and learn why some sugars are reducing and others are not.
Read articleLearn how diazonium salts are prepared and why they are so useful in synthesis, from Sandmeyer replacements to azo coupling, and how cyanides and isocyanides differ in structure, preparation and reactions.
Read articleName and prepare aliphatic and aromatic amines, understand what controls the basicity of amines, and use the Hinsberg, carbylamine and nitrous acid tests to distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Read articleName and prepare carboxylic acids, understand why they are acidic and how substituents change their strength, and learn their key reactions, including esterification, conversion to acid derivatives and decarboxylation.
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