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Build electrovalent bonds by transferring electrons in sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium oxide, draw covalent bonds for nine molecules, classify single, double and triple bonds, and compare the two kinds of compound.
Read articleCount protons, neutrons and electrons from the atomic number and mass number, read the alpha-scattering experiment as observations and conclusions, fill shells by the 2n squared rule, and separate isotopes from isobars.
Read articleLearn why hard water wastes soap and forms scum, name the salts behind temporary and permanent hardness, remove each kind by boiling or washing soda with equations, and see how water is made fit to drink.
Read articleLearn what water of crystallisation is and the formulae and colours of the common hydrated salts, tell hydrated from anhydrous, sort substances into efflorescent, deliquescent and hygroscopic, and separate drying from dehydrating agents.
Read articleLearn to separate true solutions, colloids and suspensions by particle size and behaviour, tell saturated from unsaturated and supersaturated with a test, calculate solubility per hundred grams, and read a solubility curve.
Read articleLearn to classify a reaction as combination, decomposition, displacement or double decomposition, write the three standard precipitation equations and explain the ion exchange, tell exothermic from endothermic, and name the conditions a reaction needs.
Read articleLearn to balance equations by hit and trial, read everything a balanced equation tells you and what it leaves out, define relative atomic and molecular mass against the carbon-12 standard, and calculate percentage composition.
Read articleLearn the symbols of common elements and how valence electrons fix valency, classify elements as mono- to tetravalent and handle variable valency, build formulae by the criss-cross method, and sort radicals into acidic, basic and compound.
Read articleLearn how the Earth behaves as a giant magnet, make an electromagnet and list what sets its strength, compare permanent with temporary magnets, and know the uses, demagnetisation methods and storage precautions.
Read articleLearn the properties of a magnet and why repulsion alone proves magnetism, understand induced magnetism, define magnetic field lines and their rules, and plot a bar magnet's field to find its neutral points.
Read articleLearn what potential difference and emf mean and how they drive a current, define resistance and list what it depends on, compare series with parallel arrangements and see why house wiring is parallel, and find real ways to save electricity.
Read articleLearn to define charge and current and calculate with I equals Q by t, tell a primary cell from a secondary one, draw every standard circuit symbol, and see why conventional current runs opposite to the electrons.
Read articleLearn why sound travels fastest in solids, which factors change its speed in a gas and which leave it alone, find the speed by the echo method with worked numericals, and classify frequencies as infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic.
Read articleLearn how a vibrating body makes sound and why the bell-jar experiment proves a medium is needed, see what compressions and rarefactions really are, define the four wave quantities with units, and apply V equals f lambda.
Read articleLearn all six image cases for a concave mirror and draw each ray diagram, see why a convex mirror behaves the same way every time, and understand why shaving mirrors, headlights and rear-view mirrors are shaped as they are.
Read articleLearn to count the images formed by two inclined mirrors, name every part of a spherical mirror, tell a concave mirror from a convex one and use f equals R by two, and apply the three ray construction rules.
Read articleLearn the two laws of reflection and how to verify them with pins, tell regular from diffuse reflection and real from virtual images, locate a plane mirror image by rays, and work with lateral inversion and equal distances.
Read articleLearn to sort energy resources into renewable and non-renewable, see how electricity is generated from each source with one advantage and one limitation, understand the greenhouse effect, and name real conservation measures.
Read articleLearn how water behaves between zero and four degrees and sketch its volume and density graphs, follow Hope's experiment, see why fish survive a frozen pond and pipes burst, and understand energy degradation.
Read articleLearn to separate heat from temperature and convert between Celsius and Kelvin, compare how solids, liquids and gases expand, see expansion put to work in a bimetallic strip and a cart wheel, and how its damage is prevented.
Read articleLearn to define density and relative density and convert between units, find relative density of a solid and a liquid by Archimedes' principle, predict whether a body floats or sinks, and calculate the fraction submerged.
Read articleLearn what causes upthrust and what it depends on, calculate apparent weight and apparent loss in weight, state Archimedes' principle and verify it, and use upthrust equal to V rho g in numericals.
Read articleLearn to state Pascal's law and calculate the force multiplication of a hydraulic press, see the evidence for atmospheric pressure, describe a mercury barometer and quote standard pressure three ways, and explain how pressure falls with altitude.
Read articleLearn to separate thrust from pressure and calculate each, derive the expression for pressure at a depth, use the laws of liquid pressure on dams and tanks, and see why shape and area make no difference.
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