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Learn the difference between an atom and a molecule, what Dalton's atomic theory claimed and where it failed, how the electron, proton and neutron compare, and how the nuclear and shell models describe the atom.
Read articleLearn to pick the right separation technique for any mixture, understand which single property difference each one exploits, and see why distillation, a separating funnel and chromatography suit completely different jobs.
Read articleLearn why a compound behaves like neither of the elements inside it, how to tell a homogeneous mixture from a heterogeneous one, and the five points on which compounds and mixtures differ.
Read articleLearn what makes a substance pure, how to sort samples into elements, compounds and mixtures, how metals, non-metals and metalloids differ in their properties, and why the symbol for sodium is Na.
Read articleLearn the characteristics of a physical change, the evidence that proves a chemical change has happened, how the two compare on mass and reversibility, and which conditions bring a chemical change about.
Read articleLearn to sort changes as natural or man-made and slow or fast, tell a periodic change from a non-periodic one using its time period, and judge whether a change is desirable and whether it can be reversed.
Read articleLearn the six changes of state and their names, why a heating curve has flat stretches where the temperature refuses to rise, what latent heat of fusion and vaporisation actually pay for, and how evaporation differs from boiling.
Read articleLearn to classify substances by shape, volume, compressibility and density, state the three postulates of the kinetic molecular theory, trace how molecular space and force change from solid to gas, and follow the experiments that prove it.
Read articleLearn how a body can be charged by contact or without any contact at all, how a gold leaf electroscope and a pith ball detect charge, how to find the sign of an unknown charge, and how a lightning conductor protects a building.
Read articleLearn why rubbing two bodies leaves one positive and the other negative, how like and unlike charges behave, why metals conduct while plastics do not, and how static electricity differs from the current in a wire.
Read articleLearn how a household circuit is wired and what each coloured wire does, why a fuse is deliberately the weakest link, how an MCB improves on it, how earthing prevents a shock, and what causes a short circuit.
Read articleLearn what electric current and potential difference really measure, how to find power from voltage and current, how a kilowatt-hour turns power into a bill, and how to read the rating plate on an appliance.
Read articleLearn to define amplitude, wavelength, frequency and time period with their units, use the relations linking them, and explain why amplitude decides loudness while frequency decides pitch and waveform decides quality.
Read articleLearn how every sound begins with a vibration, how it travels as compressions and rarefactions through a medium, what the bell-jar experiment proves, and why sound moves fastest through steel and slowest through air.
Read articleLearn how conduction, convection and radiation each move heat, which of them needs a medium and which does not, why some materials block heat so well, and how sea breezes and a thermos flask use all three ideas.
Read articleLearn how solids, liquids and gases expand by very different amounts, why engineers deliberately leave gaps and join two metals together, how density falls as temperature rises, and why water behaves backwards below four degrees.
Read articleLearn why heat and temperature are not the same quantity, what heat does to a body, how a rise in temperature changes molecular motion, and how to convert between the Celsius and Kelvin scales.
Read articleLearn why light bends when it changes medium, how the refractive index links the two angles and the two speeds, why a ray leaving a glass block is parallel to the one that entered, and how a prism separates white light.
Read articleLearn to label the pole, centre of curvature, principal axis and focus of a spherical mirror, draw ray diagrams for a concave mirror at every object position, and explain why a convex mirror always gives a small erect image.
Read articleLearn that light is a form of energy with a measurable speed, how the two laws of reflection fix the reflected ray, why a wall is visible but gives no image, and what a plane mirror does to left and right.
Read articleLearn what energy is and the forms it takes, how to calculate gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, why speed matters far more than mass, and how a falling body converts one into the other.
Read articleLearn how work is calculated from force and displacement, the three situations in which no work is done at all, how power measures the rate of doing work, and how to convert between watt, kilowatt and horsepower.
Read articleLearn how pressure depends on area, why liquid pressure grows with depth and makes dam walls thick at the base, how large atmospheric pressure really is, and how a straw, a syringe, a sucker and a siphon all use it.
Read articleLearn what the turning effect of a force is, how the moment of a force is calculated from force and perpendicular distance, why a longer spanner needs less effort, and how the principle of moments balances a see-saw.
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