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Understand thermal equilibrium and how the zeroth law defines temperature, tell heat, work and internal energy apart, and apply the first law of thermodynamics with correct signs to find heat, work or change in internal energy.
Read articleCompare conduction, convection and radiation, solve steady-state conduction problems including composite slabs, apply Wien's displacement law and Stefan's law to blackbody radiation, and predict cooling with Newton's law of cooling.
Read articleDefine specific heat and molar specific heat and see why Cp exceeds Cv, solve calorimetry problems for unknown temperatures and specific heats, read heating curves with melting and boiling plateaus, and use latent heats.
Read articleTell heat from temperature and convert between Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin, see how the ideal gas equation defines absolute temperature, relate linear, areal and volume expansion, and explain the anomalous expansion of water.
Read articleCompute viscous force with the coefficient of viscosity, derive terminal velocity from Stokes' law, define surface tension, surface energy and angle of contact, and find excess pressure in drops and bubbles and capillary rise.
Read articleTell streamline from turbulent flow using critical velocity, apply the equation of continuity to pipes, derive Bernoulli's theorem, and use it for Torricelli's law of efflux, aeroplane lift and the Magnus effect.
Read articleCalculate pressure and the pressure at a depth in a fluid, use Pascal's law for hydraulic lifts and brakes, tell gauge pressure from absolute and atmospheric pressure, and solve barometer and manometer problems.
Read articleCalculate Young's, bulk and shear moduli from stress-strain data, find Poisson's ratio, derive the elastic energy stored per unit volume in a stretched wire, and see how elasticity shapes beams, columns and bridges.
Read articleTell elastic from plastic behaviour, define longitudinal, volumetric and shear stress and strain, apply Hooke's law within its limit, and read a stress-strain curve to find the proportional limit, elastic limit, yield point and fracture point.
Read articleDefine gravitational potential energy and potential, derive escape speed for Earth and other bodies, find the orbital speed and period of a satellite, and see why an orbiting satellite has negative total energy.
Read articleDerive g = GM/R² from Newton's law, find how g falls with altitude and with depth below the surface, and compare the two to see why g is greatest at the surface and zero at Earth's centre.
Read articleState Kepler's three laws and link the law of areas to angular momentum, calculate gravitational force with Newton's law, add forces from several masses by superposition, and see how G is measured and used to find Earth's mass.
Read articleUse the kinematic equations of rotation about a fixed axis, apply torque equals moment of inertia times angular acceleration, find work, power and kinetic energy of rotation, and compare linear and rotational quantities point by point.
Read articleApply the conditions for translational and rotational equilibrium to balance problems, compute moment of inertia for point masses, relate radius of gyration to moment of inertia, and use standard moments of inertia of rods, rings, discs and spheres.
Read articleEvaluate cross products with the right-hand rule, relate angular velocity to linear velocity, compute torque and angular momentum for a particle and a rigid body, and apply conservation of angular momentum to spinning skaters and orbits.
Read articleLocate the centre of mass of two particles and of many particles, find it for a uniform rod and symmetric bodies, derive how the centre of mass moves under external forces, and use momentum conservation for systems of particles.
Read articleCompute average and instantaneous power as the dot product of force and velocity, tell elastic from inelastic collisions, derive final velocities in one-dimensional elastic collisions with special cases, and solve two-dimensional and perfectly inelastic collisions.
Read articleFind work done by a variable force from a graph or by integration, tell conservative from non-conservative forces, use spring potential energy and conservation of mechanical energy, and find minimum speeds in a vertical circle.
Read articleCalculate the work done by a constant force with the scalar product and decide its sign, compute kinetic energy, use the work-energy theorem to link net work with change in kinetic energy, and spot forces that do zero work.
Read articleTell static, kinetic and rolling friction apart, find limiting friction and the angle of repose, see how lubrication helps, derive safe speeds on level and banked curves, and solve multi-body problems with free-body diagrams.
Read articleIdentify action-reaction pairs and see why they never cancel, derive conservation of linear momentum for recoil and explosions, solve equilibrium of concurrent forces with free-body diagrams, and analyse collisions and connected bodies.
Read articleSee why the idea that motion needs a force is wrong, use Newton's first law to find the net force on bodies in equilibrium, apply F = dp/dt and F = ma, and solve short-impact problems with impulse and the impulse-momentum theorem.
Read articleDerive the trajectory, time of flight, maximum height and range of a projectile, find the angle for maximum range, derive centripetal acceleration in uniform circular motion, and relate speed, angular speed, period and frequency.
Read articleWrite position, displacement, velocity and acceleration as vectors for motion in a plane, use the kinematic equations in vector form for constant acceleration, and split two-dimensional motion into independent x- and y-motions.
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