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Classify acids by concentration, strength and basicity and bases by solubility, strength and acidity, write the reactions of dilute acids with carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphites, bisulphites and sulphides, and confirm carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide with the right test.
Read articleDefine acids, bases and alkalis by the ions they produce, write the ionisation and dissociation equations for mineral acids, alkalis and salts, read litmus, methyl orange, phenolphthalein and universal indicator correctly, and use the pH scale to say how acidic or alkaline a solution really is.
Read articleLearn what a coordinate bond is and why it needs a lone pair on one side and an empty space on the other, watch water and ammonia use their lone pairs to capture protons, build the hydronium, hydroxyl and ammonium ions electron by electron, and tell all three kinds of bond apart.
Read articleSee how atoms that pull on electrons equally end up sharing them, draw the dot structures of hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen, methane and carbon tetrachloride, find out why HCl, ammonia and water are polar, and compare covalent compounds with ionic ones property by property.
Read articleFollow electrons as they move from metal atoms to non-metal atoms to form an electrovalent bond, build the electron transfer for sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium oxide and three more, explain why ionic compounds melt so high and conduct only when molten or dissolved, and link that to electrolysis.
Read articleDefine atomic size, ionisation potential, electron affinity and electronegativity, explain why each changes across a period and down a group in terms of nuclear charge and shells, and put any set of elements in order of size, reactivity or electronegativity.
Read articleSee why chemical properties repeat as atomic number rises, read an element's period, group and valence electrons straight from its electronic configuration, compare the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens and noble gases, and predict valency and formulae from position alone.
Read articleSort the common radioisotopes into alpha, beta and gamma emitters and give a use for each, learn why strontium behaves like calcium and lodges in bone, account for the radiation always around us, and separate nuclear fission from fusion with balanced equations.
Read articleDescribe what a nucleus is made of and what the atomic number and mass number count, compare alpha, beta and gamma radiations by charge, mass, penetration and ionising power, and write decay equations that show exactly how the numbers change.
Read articleSee why a thermometer in melting ice refuses to move, define latent heat and specific latent heat of fusion, read the flat portions of a heating and cooling curve, explain why ice cools a drink far better than ice-cold water, and solve combined heat numericals.
Read articleSeparate heat from temperature and name the units of each, define heat capacity and specific heat capacity and see how they are related, learn the values for ice, water and copper, and use the method of mixtures to find a final temperature or an unknown specific heat.
Read articleFollow the compass-needle experiment that links current to magnetism, use the right-hand thumb rule on a wire and a loop, compare an electromagnet with a permanent magnet, apply both of Fleming's rules, and work out a transformer's output from its turns ratio.
Read articleFollow the supply from the generating station down to a socket, identify the live, neutral and earth wires and the fittings on a distribution board, draw the ring-main circuit and the staircase two-way switch, and explain why earthing and a fuse in the live wire keep you alive.
Read articleDerive the expression for electrical energy from the definition of potential difference, get the three forms of electrical power by bringing in Ohm's law, convert between joule and kilowatt hour, and work out a household electricity bill from appliance ratings.
Read articleDefine charge, current, potential difference and resistance, verify Ohm's law from a V against I graph, separate ohmic from non-ohmic conductors, understand why a cell's terminal voltage drops the moment it supplies current, and derive the series and parallel resistance rules.
Read articleTell natural from damped and forced vibrations, see why resonance builds such large amplitudes and where it is used, separate loudness from intensity and learn what the decibel measures, and connect pitch to frequency and quality to waveform.
Read articleSee how an echo is produced and why the human ear sets a minimum distance of about seventeen metres for hearing one, calculate distances and depths from echo times, and follow the same principle from a bat's squeak to a ship's SONAR.
Read articleCalculate the deviation produced by a prism and see why violet bends most, place the seven bands of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of wavelength, list the properties every one of them shares, compare infrared with ultraviolet, and explain the blue sky by scattering.
Read articleTell a converging lens from a diverging one, name every part from the centre of curvature to the focal plane, see a lens as a stack of prisms, locate images by ray diagram for each object position, apply the sign convention and the lens formula, and calculate the power in dioptre.
Read articleDefine the critical angle and the two conditions for total internal reflection, calculate it from the refractive index, trace rays through equilateral and right-angled prisms, compare a total-reflecting prism with a plane mirror, and explain a diamond's sparkle and a mirage.
Read articleState the laws of refraction and see which of speed, wavelength and frequency change, define refractive index as the ratio of two speeds, trace a ray through a glass block to explain lateral displacement, and calculate apparent depth.
Read articleDefine load, effort, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency, derive the relation between the three, see why every real machine has an efficiency below one, classify levers including the ones in your own body, and compare the three pulley systems.
Read articleDerive the expressions for potential and kinetic energy, tell translational from rotational and vibrational kinetic energy, follow energy through its chemical, electrical, nuclear and other forms, and prove that the total stays constant for a freely falling body.
Read articleCalculate work from force, displacement and the angle between them, see why a horizontal walk with a load on your head does zero work, connect work to the change in energy, and convert between erg, calorie, electron volt, kilowatt hour and horsepower.
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